Stefan Sagmeister A Graphic Designer And Typographer Essay

Stefan Sagmeister Intro Stefan Sagmeister was born August, 1962 in Austria. Sagmeister is primarily a graphic designer and typographer. He, along with the rest of his small studio Sagmeister Walsh Inc., create; corporate identities, websites, apps, commercials and dabble in film and books. Early Life Sagmeister started out in the world of graphic design at the young age of fifteen, when he worked for Austrian magazine ‘Alphron’. He started out writing pieces for the magazine, but soon came to learn that he much preferred deciding on the layout in opposed to writing articles. It was also here that he discovered his love for hand-driven typography: â€Å"We were setting headlines with Letraset sheets donated by friendly design studios, and as they invariably had all the e s missing, it was easier to write that headline by hand than reconstructing the missing e. That s where my love for hand writing stems from.† (Stefan Sagmeister, ‘Answers: Being a Design Student’) This discovery led him away from his original path of education in engineering, and brought him to study graphic design Sagmeister studied at the University of Applied Arts Vienna, there he was introduced to Schauspielhaus theatre group. For them, he designed grungey posters, heavy on the anarchist graphics, with a theatrical twist. He later received a Fulbright scholarship - a highly competitive grant - to move his studies to the Pratt Institute of New York. By this point, his designs were moving awayShow MoreRelatedStefan Sagmeister : A Graphic Designer1188 Words   |  5 PagesStefan Sagmeister Intro Stefan Sagmeister was born August, 1962 in Austria. Sagmeister is primarily a graphic designer and typographer. He, along with the rest of his small studio Sagmeister Walsh Inc., create; corporate identities, websites, apps, commercials and dabble in film and books. He has deigned packaging and graphics for David Byrne, Lou Reed, Aerosmith, Rolling Stones and HBO Sagmeister started out in the world of graphic design at the young age of fifteen, when he worked for

Short Story - 1138 Words

Ciel stared at the dark haired woman, visible brow quirking up in disbelief. â€Å"Greek mythology? I’m not in the mood for frivolous stories at the moment.† Adela bristled, hair ends curling up in indignation. Her aurulent eyes glowed, the color become that of molten gold. Ciel shifted uncomfortably at the angered gaze and flare of power that curled thorough out the room. Ciel tried to meet her eyes but his head hurt to do so. Sebastian stepped up protectively from his side. â€Å"You really think that I, of all creatures, would play games with the lives of children?† Adela’s voice encompassed the room, raw energy present is every syllable that dropped from her lips. She was finding it increasingly harder and harder to contain her divinity. She†¦show more content†¦They are among the most beautiful of creatures and masters of seduction. The one you seek has a penchant for illusions of innocence.† Ciel listened intently to Adela, her words sinking into his mind. â€Å"As with all monsters, beauty comes with a price. Each creature must absorb power from some form or another. Your butler, for instance, takes his from the souls he consumes. From this, he is able to appear completely human to you. The more powerful the being, the more beautiful the vessel. Are you understanding so far?† Ciel nodded, briefly glancing to the grinning demon. â€Å"Yes, I believe I am. In order for a monster to be alluring, they must be powerful enough to draw in their prey.† â€Å"Exactly! I am impressed, Earl. Many centuries ago, the Gorgon sisters three held snake-like characteristics, but were still beautiful as is the nature of their creation, but those times were long before mortals had ever seen them. As their thirst and power grew, so did their illusions. But the way in which they had to feed made it easy, if one was not dazzled, for mortals of find them out. You can only kill so many humans in a single place before someone catches you in the act, no?† Ciel nodded, mind racing. So he was dealing with one of the three Gorgon sisters of Greek myth. He assumed from Adela’s information that the creatures had to murder humans in order to gain power, which made sense as to the recent disappearances. But he did not understand why the ‘Queen’ wasShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Harley Davidson - Study of Strategies Followed and Customers Earned

Question : Analyse the various customer segments for Harley Davidson: - 1. A comment on what you perceive their Value Proposition is for each segment 2. A comment on the buying behaviour for each segment 3. Recommendations for how to market and appeal to one of the segments identified in previous sections incorporating a pricing strategy, promotion strategy and a distribution strategy. Answer : Introduction Harley-Davidson Inc, also popularly known asH-DorHarley, is a very famous American Heavy Motorcycle manufacturer. The company was formed inMilwaukee, Wisconsinin early years of the first decade of the 20th century, it was among the big two motorcycle companies to survive the Great Depression faced by all the industries after World War 2, just because of its export links with the police and military (Indian was the second company to survive the Great Depression).The company also faced a period where they were having poor quality control and were under heavy competition from the Japanese Motorcycles. In 1901, a 20 year-old boyWilliam S. Harleystarted designing up his plans for a small engine with an overalldisplacementof 7.07 cubic inches (116cc) and four-inch (102mm)flywheels.The engine was to be used in a regular pedal-bicycle frame. For the next two years, Harley and his childhood friendArthur Davidsonworked day and night on theirmotor-bicyclein amachine shop on the North side of the Milwaukee, at one of their friends home, Henry Melk. The bike finally came out in 1903 with the final and a crucial help from Arthur's brother, Walter Davidson. The company came to existence in 1903 by William Harley, Walter and Arthur Davidson, and their first three motorcycles were manufactured in a shed in Milwaukee. Company launched its trademark bike in 1909; it was a 2 cylinder, v-twin engine, and was the fastest motorcycle of that time, with a maximum speed of 60 mph. Company got an instant popularity because of the power they introduced in their motorcycles, and because they introduced an altogether new class of motorcycles, but faced very stiff competitions in the later years. World War I was the period when there was a high demand for motorcycles manufactured in America overseas grew tremendously. Due to this, Harley Davidson became a leader in this segment in the 1920's with its innovative technologies like the introduction of the front brake and "teardrop" gas tanks. The company built its mystic presence in the period exceeding World War I, but faced a marked decline in the Great Depression after the World War II, but managed to survive due to the export links in the police and in the military. Harley Davidson became an icon company during the period of World War I and prospered in the period of World War II due to heavy export orders to the military. More than 90,000 units were manufactured for the military in this period which increased their production record to remarkable levels and earned them the coveted Army-Navy "E" award for excellence in war time production. When the war came to an end, the company switched over to recreational motorcycles than military motorcycles. Harley introduced many new modules; the K-model (1952), Sportster ("Superbike", 1957), and Duo-Glide (1958) motorcycles. By the mid-20th century Harley-Davidson became the last surviving major motorcycle manufacturer in the US. In 1969 American Machine and Foundry took over Harley-Davidson and put the company on sale in the late 1970's because of a gross reduction in sales. This was due to poor level of quality control in the Harley bikes as compared to Japanese counterpart. In 1981, 13 members of the original Harley-Davidson management team bought the company back from AMF in a leveraged buy-out, but faced an overall drop in the demand for motorcycles dramatically and the shares of the company in this market also continued to drop. In a step to help the declining the United States motorcycle industry in 1983, President Ronald Reagan incurred huge amount of taxes on large Japanese motorcycles from 4.4% to 49.4% but this was a temporary increase and was only effective for five years then there would be a regular decline annually. Management Strategy Harley was the biggest and the most popular American Motorcycle manufacturer during the period of the World War I and II, because of the high demand in overseas for the American built bikes and also because of the companys export and sales relationship with the military. But this position of the company in the market was not for very long, and it faces a marked decline in 1970s after the company was taken over by AMF and then was sold back to the previous management in a leveraged buyout. The new owners of the company soon realized that in order to gain the previous prestige, they have to look in deeply for what actually went wrong which caused the problem, in the process they formed an internal committee to investigate the causes for the decline faced and came up with the following key points responsible for the poor performance of Harley in the past few years: Managements focus was mainly on short term goals. Management was not giving the credit or recognizing the hard work of its employees. Belief in short fixes for complex problems. Market fluctuations were not predictable because of the high break even points set by the company. Company was unaware and not bothered about foreign competitors because of it cant happen here syndrome. Like any other process in life and market, recognizing the problem is only half the battle won, the key to success was to ensure the effective and fast solution to the problems recognized. The first goal to achieve for the management was to attain a strong relationship with the employees, as a strong relationship with employees will help in the companys advancement towards success with a firm base. The following conversation between a machinist and the Vice President of the power train plant at Harley is a good example of this to understand; "You are new here, aren't you?" asked the machinist. "Let me buy you a cup of coffee!" this one gesture was enough for the new VP to understand the importance of strong relationships in the company. Harleys new management soon realized that in order to become a strong organization and to regain their original position they need to be in an always improving themselves situation. This was only possible with the help of the companys strong relationships with its employees. The strong relation will help the company to stand firm in the market even at the time of crisis. Everyone in the company must understand the importance of inter-personal communication between all levels and with proper gestures. But in order to bring the lower level employees up to the same level they need to understand the companys policy in detail to be confident on what they are working for. Marketing Strategy American customer base was undergoing a change in desires, now the market was more customer specific that product specific. Due to this reason, company switched from fixed product line to customizable product line, based on the survey conducted across the nation between prospective customers. The real power of the Harley Davidson motorcycle is the image associated with it, the image of class, strength, freedom, adventure. The bike truly depicts the pioneering and adventurous spirit of an American. The Harleys symbol comprises of the flag and the eagle, depicting the amount of freedom enjoyed by a Harley rider on his bike. It is very difficult to describe an average Harley buyer, as they range from a Blue Collared worker to someone very affluent, who just wants to fulfil their dream and fantasies on their own Harley. The company advertised the spirit of freedom and the fantasies associated in comparison to the competitors advertisement of technology. When a customer buys a Harley motorcycle, he gets a free one year membership to the Harleys Owner Group (HOG), which is the biggest bikers enthusiast group in the world. It conducts various activities across the country and worldwide for bringing the Harley owners together. This group makes the company connect directly to the customers and understand their experiences with their Harley. This is very necessary as the customers are the base of any company. Company also tries to promote itself from the various HOG activities conducted, where bikers from round the world meet and share their own experiences with each other. Harley-Davidson has a huge and strong dealer network. Around 1,065 dealers worldwide sell the Harleys products. The company owns 54 percent of the market share in the USA, 16 percent in Japan, 10 percent in Europe, and 38 percent in Australia. The company can increase its share in the foreign countries but is bound by the agreement with the US customers not to sell more than 30% of the bikes to other countries if the domestic demand is not met with. Harley has developed a very effective marketing strategy, but it is the responsibility of manufacturing to produce high quality and reliable motorcycles. Manufacturing Strategy Harley's imbibed the continuous flow process and proved wrong the most prevalent notion that "continuous improvement in quality and productivity was an attractive concept but likely to be uneconomical". Switching from a batch process to a continuous flow process is not an easy task to accomplish. However, Just-in-time inventory, Employee Involvement, and Statistical Operator control could be combined to make it possible as in the case of Harley. Harley-Davidson's new approach proved itself of worth when the productivity levels rose to record levels. Good relationships, continuous improvement, employee and management involvement, team building are the concepts adopted by Harleys management and other techniques and built a solid base between the management and the employees, and made it possible for Harley-Davidson to improve its management processes. Demographics Through the various strategies and investment made by Harley-Davidson, it has been building its appeal and prestige across generations, cultures and borders. Internationally, 118 new dealer points have been added since 2009 and in 2013, 35.9% of motorcycles were shipped to international markets. In America, Harley-Davidson is having a more diverse customer pool, even more grown than its traditional customer base. In 2013, U.S. retail sales of new Harley-Davidson motorcycles to our "outreach" customers -- young adults 18-34, women, African-Americans and Hispanics grew overall at more than twice the rate of sales to "core" customers -- Caucasian men, ages 35-plus. For the sixth straight year in 2013, we were the number-one seller of new on-road motorcycles (all cc's) to each of these segments. Harley Davidson has built its image in all the segments of the American public, and one of the main reason of success is the companys focus on various customer segments. The company has divided the public in some broad segments, and focus its product line keeping them in mind and priority. The main segments divided are: Young Adults Women Afro-Americans Hispanics Men 35+ Young Adults Company is building its image very swiftly in the young adults segment, as they are the young blood, want to enjoy their freedom and go on adventurous. They want to win the world by themselves, exactly what is portrayed by the company through its motor cycles. The spirit of freedom and adventure is truly met in this segment. These customers always want something new, for them uniqueness is the key, and he company understand this very well, and is always ready to cater all the needs of their customer. Whether it is about custom built engine or totally new model for someone, or exclusive merchandise for the bike, company is ready to cater all the demands of this sections. Women In the last few years company has witnessed a marked increase in the women segment. Women are now buying these heavy and power packed bikes more to show their inner strength and also to reveal their tough and adventurous nature. They want to show the world that they are not lacking behind to men in any way. Company understands this and build modified bikes to serve the purpose. Women are also the customers of the premium segment of 601cc+ Afro Americans They have always remained an integral part of the American community; they have brought a mix of life in the nation and brought the cool dude attitude, so the company also brought them with some classic aviator bikes to match their style. Most of the customers of this segment are of the age 35+ Men 35+ The main customer base of the company is of the age 35+, people who are mature enough and grown-ups have attained some position in life and now want something to live their dreams and fulfil their fantasies. These bikes provide them with this only, they have got the power and the freedom to be adventurous whenever needed. Financial services Eagelmark Financial Services is a majority-owned subsidiary, providing private label financial services programs, including Harley-Davidson Credit, which is the largest division of Eagelmark. It provides wholesale financing and also the insurance programs, including the bikes floor-planning, parts and accessories trade acceptance. It also deals in commercial insurance and providing brokerage to Harley-Davidson's US dealer network. It also provides an added attraction i.e. the Private Harley Card, an exclusive credit card to be used in Harley-Davidson dealerships. In addition, Harley-Davidson brings out offers for its domestic dealers very often, like once in a quarter discounts or even 120 day delay in the billing terms are given especially through Eagelmark so as to carry enough parts as well as accessories inventories, also to counteract the seasonality of the parts and accessories business. Conclusion Recommendations Harley Davidson, the biggest and the most popular American motorcycle brand, founded in 1903 has come so far, facing all kind of odds and challenges, just because of the continuous efforts put in by the company to withstand the strong forces that were trying to uproot them from the market. Harley never compromised from its quality and that is the result of its continuous growth. With a strong and efficient network of export and sales in military, the company also survived the great depression exceeding World War II. Harley beats his Japanese competition from its solid quality. Harley as a brand signifies the true spirit of the American culture, the emblem of the company consists of the flag and the eagle, showing the level of freedom and independence enjoyed by the American nationals, and the same freedom will be experienced by the Harleys owners. It is a machine which lets a person fulfil all his dream and desires. It brings out the true adventurous nature of its rider. The company focuses on the quality rather than on the price, and that is the fact it is in popular demand even after a high price tag. The owner of a Harley can be anyone, if he has that spirit in him. Most of the owners are from affluent families or famous personalities, giving the brand a royal ambience. Harleys owners are made to feel that they are the part of this big family by regular activities conducted by the company. Harley has specifically focussed on all the prospective segments of the public, and has designed their motor cycles keeping them in mind to increase their sales, and this strategy worked really very well. Harley today has a presence in many of the countries which are the fastest growing markets, and can increase their sales in overseas but bounded by the contract to US public for not selling more than 30% of the total production to non-domestic public, showing a gratitude to those who have kept them alive and have stood with them in all thick and thin. Customers of the company are very loyal, because they love their Harley, it is a part of their life, they dont consider it to be a machine, and it just becomes an integral part of their life, like an organ of their body without which they cant live truly. References Schouten, John W., Mc Alexander James H. (1993). Market Impact of a Consumption Subculture: The Harley-Davidson Mystique. European Advances in Consumer Research, Association for Consumer Research. Vol-1. pp. - 389-393. Dads Vintage Ads. [online] Available at: https://www.dadsvintageads.com/catalog.php/dadsvintageads/dt50463/Harley_Davidson [Accessed 17th Dec 2015] Scotty Moore the Official Website. [online] Available at: https://www.scottymoore.net/elvisharley56kh.html [Accessed 17th Dec 2015] The Best Motorcycle Poster. [online] Available at: https://www.best-motorcycle.com/posters/james-dean-marilyn-monroe.shtm [Accessed 17th Dec 2015] The vintagent (2009). The Worlds #1 Vintage Motorcycle Site. [online] Available at:https://thevintagent.blogspot.com/2009/02/anka-eve-goldmann.html [Accessed 17th Dec 2015] The Early (2008). Harley-Davidson Motorcycles, 1905 to 2008. [online] Available at: https://harley-davidson.oldcarandtruckpictures.com/ [Accessed 17th Dec 2015] Morris, C. Craig (2009). U.S. Department of Transportation Research and Innovative Technology Administration. [online] Available at: https://www.bts.gov/publications/bts_special_report/2009_05_14/pdf/entire.pdf[Accessed 17th Dec 2015] Harley-Davidson (2001-2010). Lets Ride. [online] Available at: https://www.harley-davidson.com/wcm/content/pages/women_riders/landing.jsp [Accessed 17th Dec 2015] Hari Prakash. N.V. Harley-Davidson. Inc. Strategic Management Case Analysis. [online] Available at: https://www.docstoc.com/docs/7066646/Harley-Davidson-Strategic-Management-Changed-New/ [Accessed 17th Dec 2015] Hot Bike. Women Riders-Harley-Davidson sponsors Womens Bike Month. [online] Available at: https://blogs.hotbikeweb.com/6589916/editorials/women-riders/index.html [Accessed 17th Dec 2015] Mark Melief, Tycen Bundgaard, Jordan Hathaway (2006). Strategic Report for Harley-Davidson. [online] Available at -https://www.economics.pomona.edu/jlikens/SeniorSeminars/pandora/reports/harley.pdf [Accessed 17th Dec 2015] Krauss, Clifford (2007). Harley Woos Female Bikers. [online] Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/25/business/25biker.html [Accessed 17th Dec 2015] Bikes Babes, Bling. Women Riders. [online] Available at: https://www.bikesbabesandbling.com [Accessed 17th Dec 2015] Form of Transition Agreement (6 March, 2006). Incorporated herein by reference to the Registrants Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. File No. 1-9183. Deferred Compensation Plan (31 December, 2000). Incorporated herein by reference to the Registrants Annual Report on Form 10-K. File No. 1-9183. Ms. Lione, Messrs. Hutchinson, Mc Caslin Ziemer (31 December, 1993). Form of Life Insurance Agreement. Annual Report on Form 10-K. File No. 1-9183. Harley-Davidson (28 March, 2004). Registrants Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. File No. 1-9183. Ms. Bischmann and Ms. Lione and each of Messrs. Form of Severance Benefits Agreement. Eberle, Flickinger, Hutchinson, McCaslin, Sutton and Ziemer (incorporated herein by reference to the Registrants Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1996 (File No. 1-9183)) Form of Severance Benefits Agreement (6 March, 2006). Between the Registrant and Mr. Bergmann. incorporated herein by reference to Registrants Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. File No. 1- 9183. Form of Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan Agreement (31 March 1996). Between the Registrant and each of Messrs. McCaslin and Zieme. Incorporated herein by reference to the Registrants Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. File No. 1-9183. Harley-Davidson Pension Benefit Restoration Plan (31 March 31, 1996). Incorporated herein by reference to the Registrants Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q File No. 1-9183. Harley-Davidson (1998). Non-Exempt Employee Stock Option Plan Registrants Registration Statement. On Form S-8. File No. 333-75347. York Hourly-Paid Employees Stock Option Plan. (2001). incorporated herein by reference to the Registrants Annual Report on Form 10-K. File No. 1-9183. Director Compensation Policy effective (29 April, 2006). Incorporated herein by reference to the Registrants Current Report on Form 8-K filed. File No. 1-9183. Deferred Compensation Plan for Nonemployee Directors initially effective (May 3, 2003). Incorporated herein by reference to the Registrants Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. File No. 1-9183. Harley-Davidson (2004). Incentive Stock Plan as amended through. incorporated herein by reference to the Registrants Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. File No. 1-9183. Form of Notice of Grant of Stock Options and Option Agreement of Harley-Davidson (1995). Stock Option Plan and the Harley-Davidson (2004). Incentive Stock Plan incorporated herein by reference to the Registrants Annual Report on Form 10-K. File No. 1-9183. Harley-Davidson. Form of Notice of Special Grant of Stock Options and Option Agreement of Harley-Davidson, Inc under the Harley-Davidson Inc. Stock Option Plan and the Harley-Davidson (2004). Incentive Stock Plan. incorporated herein by reference to the Registrants Annual Report on Form 10-K.File No. 1-9183 Harley- Davidson (2004). Award of Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Agreement of Harley-Davidson. Incentive Stock Plan incorporated herein to the Registrants Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. File No. 1-9183 Harley-Davidson (2004). Form of Notice of Special Award of Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Agreement of under the Harley- Davidson, Incentive Stock Plan. Incorporated herein by reference to the Registrants Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. File No. 1-9183. Harley-Davidson (2005). Employee Short-Term Incentive Plan. incorporated herein by reference to the Registrants Form 10-Q. File No. 1-9183. Form of Transition Agreement (2007). Incorporated herein by reference to the Registrants Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. File No. 1-9183. Form of Severance Benefits Agreement (2007). Incorporated herein by reference to the Registrants Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. File No. 1-9183.

The British Press Essay Research Paper It free essay sample

The British Press Essay, Research Paper It is no secret that the # 8216 ; tabloid # 8217 ; or # 8216 ; popular # 8217 ; imperativeness has been capable to unfavorable judgment for many old ages, and the grounds for it are made far move obvious when it is compared to the circular imperativeness. It is, nevertheless, merely rather late that the division has become so really clear as it is today # 8211 ; and there are few people in the UK who are incognizant of the circular / tabloid division. But, what one may inquire, are the differences between the two, and so, why do they be? The easier reply to the latter is that the divisions in the two types of imperativeness reflects a division in society of certain groups of people clamoring after different intelligence and alternate ways of showing this intelligence. It is in about every facet of the documents that the incongruousnesss are apparent # 8211 ; the subjects covered, the linguistic communication used, the artworks, picture taking and layout and the framings of diff erent narratives. We will write a custom essay sample on The British Press Essay Research Paper It or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This essay will try to sketch the stalking-horse for the type of coverage which has now become typical of the yellow journalism newspapers and illustrations of this coverage. In making so, a consideration of why it is so capable to debate and unfavorable judgment should emerge. In my ain sentiment, I think that we can non claim to cognize or understand the grounds for the contrast, and it will of all time stay equivocal as to why the divisions have become clear # 8211 ; although many bookmans have put frontward statements. However, it seems more simple to propose grounds for the self-evident unfavorable judgments which today environment journalists and moguls who have helped to make the civilization of # 8216 ; documentary # 8217 ; , # 8216 ; chequebook news media # 8217 ; and sensationalism. Possibly the censures have grown from the popular imperativeness # 8217 ; deficiency of earnestness, the lack of impersonal, thorough and pointful coverage of what are deemed # 8216 ; of import # 8217 ; issues. Often, tabloid imperativeness coverage can, by its skip of facts and scandalmongering coverage, be misdirecting to the reader # 8211 ; a factor which seems to justify unfavorable judgment. This was apparent in the Sun # 8217 ; s coverage of the 20 April 1999 events in Serbia when a civilian convoy was gunned down by Nato troops # 8211 ; this is a fact and was admitted by Nato before the publication of the article: SERB MONSTERS SHOT REFUGEES THEN BLAMED US # 8220 ; A Nato commanding officer insisted yesterday that Serbs slaughtered Kosovan refugees in a convoy slaughter blamed on the Alliance # 8230 ; The officer said that the grounds proved that Yugoslav tyrant Slobodan Milosevic LIED about the slaughter # 8230 ; # 8221 ; From the headline, the reader automatically would presume, holding possibly heard or read the old twenty-four hours # 8217 ; s intelligence, and after five yearss of Nato # 8217 ; s denials, that it had been confirmed that the convoys were so attacked chiefly by Serbian military personnels. Whereas a sub-headline on the front page of the Daily Telegraph of the same twenty-four hours confirms the NATO admittance # 8220 ; We hit both convoys # 8221 ; . This clearly and unambiguously gives the facts in one headline whereas one has to read and level the article The Sun # 8217 ; s political editor Trevor Kavanagh nowadayss. The Sun # 8217 ; s piece could easy be criticised as a signifier of unadulterated propaga nda. The existent release of the admittance from General Leaf came at three O # 8217 ; clock on the 19th April, and as the Daily Telegraph studies, he reported to a imperativeness conference the inside informations of the error, wherein NATO confirmed the two air foraies on two separate convoys, believed by the pilots to be military marks. This illustration shows in one article how the tabloid imperativeness can be manipulative, # 8216 ; loyal # 8217 ; , racialist and misleading, which are so common facets of # 8220 ; trough imperativeness # 8221 ; describing. Possibly the layout of the newspapers categorised as # 8216 ; popular # 8217 ; is what typifies them more than any other factor. Due to the fact that the popular imperativeness label encompasses documents from the Daily Sport to the Express, content, although frequently similar, can non be a specific pigeon-holer. The tabloid imperativeness has predictable content. Equally good as intelligence points of the twenty-four hours # 8211 ; the large political word of the twenty-four hours ( e.g. an update on the London Mayor state of affairs ) , catastrophes ( e.g. the 1984 Ethiopian dearth ) newsworthy famous person events ( e.g. the decease of Princess Diana ) and the twenty-four hours # 8217 ; s athleticss intelligence # 8211 ; the tabloid imperativeness more frequently than non has a large piece ( s ) refering what have become bantering stereotypes: sex, force, public figures in compromising places or simply traveling about their mundane lives, and frequently a paper # 8216 ; run # 8217 ; . Often these subjects take case in point, or are given as much importance as, for illustration, the Mozambique inundations or a stock market clang, if these points have no peculiar # 8217 ; esthesis # 8217 ; value. Take for illustration, The Sun # 8217 ; s front page of April 4th 2000 ( see fond regards ) . On a twenty-four hours when the circulars and the telecasting intelligence were concentrating on Ken Livingstone # 8217 ; s contention over the enquiry into interrupting company jurisprudence and its impact on his function as London Mayor and the other large narrative, the computing machine giant Microsoft being taken to tribunal, its portions falling massively and the eventful impact on today # 8217 ; s 1000000s of Personal computer users, the Sun # 8217 ; s front page shouted # 8220 ; OWN A DONOR # 8221 ; . Far from being an empathic piece on the 100s of people who are saved by organ contribution, or a concentration on the waiting list, the article was concerned chiefly with being proud of its paper # 8230 ; # 8220 ; Today The Sun makes newspaper history with the launch of a groundbreaking wellness run # 8221 ; . This forcing of the documents corporate individuality and its # 8217 ; services to society # 8217 ; is a common trait of yellow journalisms. Very on a regular basis the tabloid imperativeness bend of import issues into commercial ventures and # 8216 ; blow th eir ain huntsmans horns # 8217 ; . The other front page narrative was headlined # 8220 ; SEX CHAIN SNAPS UP KNICKERBOX # 8221 ; and typically added a full length image of a theoretical account in her underwear # 8211 ; an attending grabber, granted, but is the narrative one which warrants taking case in point over of import political intelligence? So, why do the yellow journalisms sell every bit much as they do # 8211 ; The Sun is Britain # 8217 ; s biggest selling newspaper with a readership of over 10 million ; yet it still is bombarded with unfavorable judgment. Possibly those who criticise the # 8220 ; trough imperativeness # 8221 ; are simply unimpressed with the content # 8211 ; but many people clearly are impressed! Yellow journalisms frequently use sexual elements or confidant and # 8216 ; gory # 8217 ; inside informations to do a narrative more interesting to a reader. Having witnessed a displacement in the accents of the yellow journalisms, the readerships have come to anticipate and desire more narratives which are viewed as being scandalmongering. By their usage of such item and # 8216 ; punchy # 8217 ; linguistic communication, the empathy and echt human-interest of frequently shocking narratives of offense and force is lost. Soothhill and Walby1 studied the copiousness and structural coverage of # 8217 ; sex offense in the intelligence # 8217 ; and one of their chief points is that the fact that although # 8220 ; there is a complicated relationship between what is printed in the newspapers and what people come to believe # 8221 ; and that people do non # 8220 ; passively and uncritically absorb all that they read # 8221 ; , the coverage of sex offenses does hold a denudation on what people believe and AIDSs in misconception and sensationalism as respects serious issues. # 8220 ; # 8230 ; the nature of describing obscures the existent nature of sexual force: it underestimates the extent of these offenses, and studies on unusua l instances, for case those in which the raper is a alien and consecutive rapers # 8221 ; ( pp. 157 ) The 24 January 2000 issue of The Mirror reports a narrative headlined # 8220 ; RAID VICTIM ELAYNE, 26, DROPS DEAD OF SHOCK # 8221 ; . The narrative concerns the decease of a adult female after detecting her place had been broken into. This is evidently a deplorable incident, but the author ( Ian Key ) uses linguistic communication such as # 8220 ; she merely collapsed on the floor # 8221 ; and quotes a friend of the asleep stating # 8220 ; I wish they had got in because I would hold had a spell at screening them out! # 8221 ; ; these illustrations are mere cases of the authors insensitiveness towards the predicament of the victim and her relations. The writer seems to # 8216 ; hang-up in # 8217 ; the fact that the stealer did non even enter the house and so the daze was non so great as to justify a decease, but he doesn # 8217 ; t make this in the sense of # 8216 ; what a gratuitous decease # 8217 ; , the mentions are about jeeringly dry. The media industry is one of the largest and fastest turning industries in the universe. A monolithic proportion of Britain # 8217 ; s population ain and watch a telecasting a regular footing. With the # 8216 ; globalisation # 8217 ; of telecasting and the huge array of channels, intelligence and amusement are merely the imperativeness of a bu tton off for most people. With entree to the intelligence ever at their fingertips, are people get downing to trust on the popular imperativeness for something different or more than merely ‘news’ ? Has the popular imperativeness developed its scandalmongering paparazzi attitudes because there is a public desire for it? It is human nature to ‘gossip’ and possibly that is what the yellow journalism provides. The undermentioned quotation mark was taken from a web site bulletin board devoted to commentary on the tabloid imperativeness from ordinary people: â€Å"The truth is that the tabloid imperativeness is a merchandise of our society. But non a inactive 1. It is a consumable that consumes our basest frights and twists them for its circulation ( all in the public involvement, of class ) . The tabloid imperativeness is the asshole progeny of Britain’s lowest nature and it finds plenty to feed on in our [ the populace s ] crazy fears.†2 This sentiment and many similar to it are based on subjects which are progressively noticeable in the yellow journalisms # 8211 ; they include xenophobia, agism, sexism and classism. This is non to state that the circular imperativeness do non hold elements of prejudice # 8211 ; there are few documents that take no political stance nevertheless subtle. Peter Leigh has picked up upon the favoritism that documents such as The Sun and The Star push as being in the national involvement. This is peculiarly the instance as respects athletics and national squads. The 30 March 2000 issue of The Sun covered a narrative about the U-21 European Football Championship Finals, affecting Yugoslavia and England. The headline ( see attached ) reads # 8220 ; WILKO KIDS TAME THE YUGO THUGS # 8221 ; # 8211 ; the piece refers to the racial maltreatment of Emile Heskey, an England participant. The journalist ( Brian Woolnough ) begins his article with this lead: # 8220 ; Emile Heskey got a gustatory sensation of things to come when he was punched, kicked and spat at by a clump of dirty Yugoslavs # 8221 ; There is an obvious component of racism in the article which is apparent from this quotation mark, but what is uneven and inconsistent is that the journalist goes on to claim that # 8220 ; Heskey [ who is black ] , 22, was the participant targeted for particular intervention from Yugoslavia # 8211 ; and FA functionaries even had to step in to hold the gross outing racial maltreatment and monkey noises hurled at him by opposing fans # 8221 ; . When writers in the yellow journalisms are so clearly hypocritical when utilizing phrases like # 8220 ; dirty Yugoslavians # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; Yugo thugs # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; the abominable Milan Obradonic # 8221 ; yet shouting the cause of racism for English people ( or English participants ) , how can they avoid unfavorable judgment? With this sort of attitude put frontward by a paper that has over 10 million readers, is it any admiration that football # 8216 ; fans # 8217 ; are encouraged to contend and be misguidely # 8216 ; loyal # 8217 ; . Tabloids actively encouraged the # 8216 ; Hun-bashing # 8217 ; attitude of the England frights during the 1998 World Cup # 8211 ; is this what society truly needs? The image of adult females in the yellow journalisms is besides a bone of contention, and has been for the past three decennaries. The typical image of a adult females in a yellow journalism is # 8216 ; curvy # 8217 ; , slim, reasonably and immature, and more frequently than non semi-nude. # 8220 ; Page 3 # 8243 ; began in the seventiess with # 8220 ; a # 8216 ; half-dressed Swedish smoothie # 8217 ; every bit good as a intelligence narrative about a adult male described as a # 8216 ; walking lust automat # 8217 ; # 8221 ; 3 ( Williams, p. 221 ) . These presentations of an ideal adult females is extremely criticised by feminist observers who argue that the yellow journalisms are perpetuating this thought of a perfect adult females, which has such a broad stretch influence that ordinary adult females are expected, and therefore to, look the same. Another unfavorable judgment which has gained impulse in recent old ages is the increasing chase of famous person intelligence. Th e decease of Princess Diana is the one event which ricocheted throughout the universe. The unfavorable judgment that the paparazzi # 8220 ; hounded the Princess to decease # 8221 ; is one held up by many critics and has led to calls for rigorous imperativeness ordinance. The administration CATT4 have web sites which claim that # 8220 ; the attitude of most people is that because person is in the public oculus, they should anticipate to hold their lives put under a microscope # 8230 ; freedom of address and the freedom of the imperativeness [ should non ] invade person # 8217 ; s privateness in the pattern of these two rights # 8221 ; CATT claim that they are non # 8220 ; merely contending the paparazzi, but the whole yellow journalism imperium # 8221 ; . It is true that the yellow journalisms do perpetuate the invasion of privateness attributed to the paparazzi. The populace, harmonizing to CATT, are the lone people with the # 8220 ; power to halt it # 8221 ; . In Newspape rs and the Press5, Curran attempts to depict what has shaped and influenced the imperativeness as it stands today. Harmonizing to Curran in a broad society like Britain, the imperativeness is # 8220 ; an independent establishment that empowers the people # 8221 ; and it became so through these stairss: the bureau of the province, the adjuntiveness of the political parties and the monolithic and alone rise of commercialization. In response the imperativeness, and peculiarly the yellow journalisms became market led merchandises run by pragmatists. At least, this is the theory # 8211 ; that the content of the imperativeness is audience led, but this is so a questionable theory # 8211 ; so how much call is at that place for a front page life-size exposure of Elton John with his face in Elizabeth Hurley # 8217 ; s thorax ( The Sun, Thursday 30 March 2000 ) . Curran claims that media professionals are non in touch with what their audiences really want, but have, and have put into pat tern strong positions what their readerships need. Gans6 argues that the intelligence and media administrations are one of the most powerful characteristics of today # 8217 ; s society, Curran quotes him, # 8220 ; while large concern corporations are # 8216 ; nominal directors # 8217 ; , intelligence administrations and journalists are the existent 1s # 8221 ; . But although the extended hierarchies of intelligence administrations ( The Mirror Group, IPC, Reuters etc. ) have become really powerful, there are still strong elements of single liberty in the tabloid imperativeness. On peculiar narratives, journalists are seldom given a specific line to take ( with the exclusion of intrinsic lines # 8211 ; a Guardian newsman could non practicably take a fascist line ) and are seldom told to hide any information on their narrative. Gans # 8217 ; brushing statements have their defects # 8211 ; journalists are on a tighter rein than they really imagine frequently ; they may be sub e mended or unpublished so it is apparent that the hierarchal substructures of the media administrations are the accountants of what we read. Is this just though? Should monolithic concern corporations be in charge of what the people of Britain read, or should at that place be right executions and steps to guarantee that the populace are presented with what they want to be? A strand of the media hypothesis # 8216 ; broad optimism # 8217 ; claims that the imperativeness is brooding of # 8220 ; the cultural values of a socially harmonious society # 8221 ; and the premises and premises in the imperativeness are framed by the common civilization of society. What Curran call the broad synthesis is that the # 8220 ; News media can be seen as being shaped by consumer demand, the professional concerns of media workers, pluralistic beginning webs, and the corporate values of society # 8221 ; . This seems somewhat optimistic as there are few processs which show what the readership really want. In decision, it # 8217 ; s clear that tabloid newspaper do warrant unfavorable judgment. But what is besides clear is that the success of the yellow journalisms is dependent on the amusement value they provide to the public # 8211 ; and this is why they are so successful. The esthesis and excitement people find in the yellow journalisms and the chitchat they include is a formula for success in what seems like a society hungering for more and more information. It seems that because in today # 8217 ; s extremely advanced ( technologically ) society, we have every bit much information available as is conceivable, and so to stay profitable, documents ( peculiarly yellow journalisms ) have to happen different information to show. It seems like the yellow journalisms have developed an enviable format nevertheless, because documents like the Guardian and The Times have taken on a far more # 8216 ; tabloid # 8217 ; visual aspect than they of all time had before, with coloring material a nd panels demoing the high spots of the documents contents inside # 8211 ; Williams calls this # 8220 ; bright and breezy # 8211 ; easy on the oculus # 8221 ; 7. This is a turning theoretical account known as # 8216 ; tabloidisation # 8217 ; . The inquiry still remains about how far the yellow journalisms should travel in the chase and presentation of this information, but it is clear that although there are many critics, there are more protagonists.

Find Out More About Global Warming Causes

Find Out More About Global Warming Causes The Consequences of Warming World One of the main causes of global warming is an existence of the exceeded amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is connected to such human activities as burning oils, gas, cutting down the forests, etc. As a result, CO2 creates and performs a function of a blanket that covers out planet. It leads to the fact that the average temperature rises, which causes different negative effects on the natural processes. Global Warming Can Be Dealt With! Based on different climate change facts, global warming effects can be reduced. As it has been mentioned before, the main reason of global warming is intensive CO2 emissions, which are not likely to be reduced in the nearest future due to the human dependence on such natural resources as oil, gas, coal, etc. As a result, there is an urgent need for developing alternative sources of energy, which will reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. In other case, global warming may have diverse negative effects not only on people living today but also on future generations. The issue has been widely discussed and there are numerous debates regarding the issue of a warming world. However, it has become obvious that people can reduce the negative outcomes of this threat! First of all, the level of emissions should be sufficiently reduced. Moreover, it should be done as soon as possible not to let the things get worse. The more people hesitate in taking necessary measures, the most costly it w ill be in the future. Warming World Consequences The researchers provide shocking facts regarding global warming. The last 10 years were the hottest years in the history of the mankind, which is quite disturbing. The average temperature has increased by 0.7C (1F) globally over the last century. Though it may not seem sufficient, such a temperature change causes numerous problems for all living things on the planet. The statistics show that the number of hot days in year increase drastically, while the number of cold days and nights reduces. The other negative consequences of global warming include the increased sea level, more often droughts, storms, snow pattern,s to name just a few. Actions to Be Taken to Reduce the Warming World Negative Effects It is extremely important to ordain specific laws to mitigate the threat. However, not only states governments are responsible for the effects of global warming. Every person can add to solving one of the greatest problems of the modern world. The level of carbon dioxide emissions differs from community to community, making it a problem of every region. Sometimes, it is a decision of the community members but not a state law that greatly contributes to the reduction of such emissions. For example, there are regions where people refuse from the common means of transportation in favor of energy-saving transport, etc. So, global warming is a problem of every individual and it is our common task to overcome this threat!

Connell and OConnell Surname Origin and Meaning

Connell and O'Connell Surname Origin and Meaning In Ireland, the surname Connell or OConnell is an Anglicized form of the famous Gaelic clan name OConaill, meaning strong as a wolf, from the Gaelic siol cuin or siol con which translates as descendant of Connall or Con. The name possibly derives from cà º (con) meaning hound or wolf, and gal meaning valour. In Ulster the Connell surname may also have derived from MacConn, an Anglicized form of the name Mac Mhiolchon, meaning son of the hound-like one. Connell may also be a modern Scottish surname for Congal or Congual. Connell is one of 50 common Irish surnames of modern Ireland. Alternate Surname Spellings:  Connal, Connell, Connall, OConnell, Cannell, Conell, OConnall, Conall Interesting Facts About the Connell Surname Three distinct OConnell clans, located in the provinces of Connacht, Ulster, and Munster, are the originators of many of the Connell families in Clare, Galway, Kerry. Famous People With the Surname Connell and O'Connell Daniel OConnell - Irish politician and statesman, known as the Liberator.Evan S. Connell - American novelist.Richard Edward Connell -  American author and journalist, best known for his short story The Most Dangerous Game. Genealogy Resources for the Surname Connell O'Connell Check out these great resources for learning more about the Connell name: Explore background information and history on various early OConnell families in Ireland at IrishOConnell.com.Trace the geography and history of the Connell surname through the British Surname Profiler. This free online database based on a University College London (UCL) project investigating the distribution of surnames in Great Britain, both current and historic.The Connell Family Genealogy Forum allows you to search this popular genealogy forum for the Connell surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Connell surname query.Find historical records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Connell surname and its variations at FamilySearch.com.RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Connell surname.Cousin Connect  allows you to read or post genealogy queries for the surname Connell, and sign up for free notification when new Connell queries are added.DistantCousin.com is full of free databases and genea logy links for the last name Connell. References Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Archetypal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Archetypal - Essay Example I watched the behavior of all the ‘good kids’ and followed suit – by being careful about my clean white shirt, shiny black shoes, and the tie for all seasons. Moreover, I knew that it was not a good idea to exhibit all my true feelings, especially sadness and fear, which posed a serious threat to my gender and what was expected of it. I am aware that my growing up years were a challenge when it came to the masks I was supposed to wear at various occasions. It was difficult for my ego consciousness to come to terms with the demands of time and space on it and to act accordingly. I was always looking for the right choices, the right persons with whom I could identify and carve a model for the mask that I could wear in the future, on a long term basis. I knew that many of my real role models were to be looked down upon by my elders. So, my real choices had to give way to the more socially acceptable, admirable ones. Though I loved to be like the clowns in a circus or the self-willed animals in the wild (which I watched on TV) who were not expected to follow the rules of civilized human society, I gave up on such rebellious thoughts after receiving unwelcome reactions to such behavior I tried a few times. Then came a phase when it dawned on me that the expectations that one was to fulfill was the price for oneâ€℠¢s happiness and success. It was not fair to ignore my Shadow, which represented at least some of my real needs and longings. But I had to project my Self above that; the Self that wanted to be accepted, and given a chance, to move around in its immediate surroundings and to attain its higher goals. In that way, I was not sacrificing my Shadow, but my ego consciousness was suppressing it at times when it embarrassed me and others. My greatest revelation was that I was not the only one who had a dark side that I kept hidden within my mask. I found

Need for new models in the public safety leadership Research Paper - 1

Need for new models in the public safety leadership - Research Paper Example The new systems that have been put in place are merely a decade or two old and do leave much to be desired (Purpura, 2007, p. 102). The insufficiency and failure on the part of public safety organizations do gives way to much public outcry and solicit ample political attention. A lack of coordination and synergy between the Federal, State and local response systems further complicates the problem. The public safety organizations are constantly under pressure to envisage and promulgate the training standards that are designed on pragmatic and national standards (Purpura, 2007, p. 195). Besides in the sphere of public safety, the new systems need to take into consideration the available technologies and IT inputs. At the same time the need to upgrade the existing systems is pressing and inevitable. It is a known fact that the citizens today whom the public safety organizations are required to serve have access to varied communication technologies and tend to communicate with a wide arr ay of possibilities be they the wireless or mobile networks or the internet. Such daunting challenges and issues bring into question the vision behind the conventional leadership models supporting the public safety organizations. After 9/11, no further facts are needed to corroborate the truth that the existing leadership models in the public safety organizations leave much to be desired. The modern public safety organizations are desperately in need of the more up to date and complex models of leadership. There is no denying the fact that the challenges and issues that the public safety organizations have to put up with in the current times tend to be quiet unconventional and demanding. Though all forms of organized human endeavor requires the apt leadership models, still public safety is an aspect of human social organization that simply cannot do without an effective and

Ownership and Control as Important Aspect of the Media Essay Example for Free

Ownership and Control as Important Aspect of the Media Essay Discuss two contrasting theories and relevant studies to explain the extent to which ownership and control is an important aspect of the media. The term mass media is essentially information which is targeted at a large audience. The Mass media is a global industry which has played a major role in shaping society over the 20th century. As technology has developed and created the opportunity to communicate with huge numbers of people, the mass media has developed and with it the media’s impact on society. Over the last fifty years the media has changed its shape yet again to fit in with our increasingly technological society; various forms of new media have appeared: smartphones, laptops, internet and ipods. The general aim of these new mediums is to allow greater flexibility to the user and access media while mobile, also they are not physical forms of media but electronic, which has its own advantages and disadvantages. There have also been major changes in ownership and control of the media; it has become both increasingly concentrated and transnational. An example would be the controversial Mr. Murdoch. His News International group owns over one third of newspapers in Britain, Two other companies, Mirror Group Newspapers and United Newspapers own another 40 per cent between them. This clearly shows that the bulk of the power is held by only a few individuals, this creates very serious political and economical implications. Murdoch’s paper has been partially responsible for getting each government elected over the past fifty years; every party he has supported over the years has won. Two main sociological theories are used to explain ownership and control of the mass media: Pluralist theory and Marxist theory. Each have there own interpretations of the issues and subsequent strengths and weaknesses which I shall now discuss. Pluralist theory is all about power in society. They believe that no one group or elite dominates society. It is essentially a functionalist view. Instead Pluralists believe that there is a range of interest groups who share power. Pluralists argue that the mass media reflect such a range of interests. They argue that the mass media simply reflect what we, the public, want. If it is biased it is because that is the view people want to hear, it simply reflects the publics opinion rather than trying to make people think a particular way. For example the British press is generally conservative; Pluralists argue this is because British society is generally conservative. Pluralists would also say that the mass media provides a wide and diverse choice for the consumer. Therefore there is no single dominant ideology but a genuine choice for the consumer. Minority views are expressed just the same as the dominant views. Because of this Pluralists argue that the mass media has little or no influence on the views of the masses. At most it simply reinforces what people already believe. Pluralism recognizes the ability of the individuals to make up there own mind about key issues. For example, in the general elections of 1997 and 2001 viweing figures dropped sharply during the campaign, suggesting most people had decided who to support before the campaign even started. Furthermore in the 1992 elections the swing to the conservatives was just as great from the neutral Independent as is was from those who read pro-conservative tabloids. Even readers of The Sun, which was strongly against a conservative government, indicated in election polls that they had voted conservative. The Pluralist perspective is criticized for ignoring clear evidence of bias, mainly political bias and the influence it can have on society. For example, the political party supported by Rupert Murdoch’s papers has won every election since 1979. When he decided to switch from Labour to Conservative in 1997, there was a 15 per cent swing to Labour amongst readers of The Sun. This clear evidence of bias due to the views of a single man is ignored by the Pluralist perspective. The impact of the mass media is obviously key to election campaigns and has a massive impact on society as a whole. Arguably Rupert Murdoch alone has been responsible, in part, for getting each government elected since 1979. This clearly is very undemocratic and bad for the country. The Marxist conflict theory views the mass media as a means of not only influencing people, but also controlling them. It is used as a tool by the ruling class to maintain control and power through transmitting a conformist conservative view of the world. Sociologist have created two general views within Marxism, Manipulative Marxism – which places emphasis on the mass media as a form of economic capitalism and Hegemonic Marxism – which emphasises the mass media as a means whereby the ruling class project a culture which reflects their own norms and values, to the exclusion of all others. The concentration of ownership increases such control. Marxists also argue that the ruling class use the media as a filter through which information is passed to the mass of the population. In emphasizing the acceptance of the status quo, the media resists change and therefore works against the interests of the working class. The media therefore will project capitalism positively, creating a false class consciousness to the proletariat to prevent them realizing their exploitation and thus overthrow capitalism. Because of the established media moguls such as Rupert Murdoch it is difficult for small firms and individuals to gain much credit and fame. The Marxist perspective is seen as strong in analyzing the mass media from a conflict perspective. In doing so it helps to explain the mass media as a source of inequality within capitalist society. It also helps to explain the perceived bias within the media. For Marxists this is particularly important in a political and economical context. Marxism identifies and analyses political bias within the media, for example the consumerism culture that the newspapers promote. However, the Marxist theory is criticized for underestimating the ability of individuals to absorb information and make up there own minds about what they agree with or disagree with. Critics argue that people are not like robots who passively accept what they are told, rather they critically judge a variety of issues and make up there own mind using what they have been told and their own individual experience with the issue. James Curran, in Mass Media and Democracy: A reppraisal (1991), argues that the growth of commercial radio and television re-affirms the view that there is a widespread choice with a core public sector combined with an expanding private sector. Thus, the impact of ownership and control is negligible given the real and diverse choice that exists. Currans study supports the Pluralist perspective. Studies such as Curran’s are strong in recognizing the changing nature of British industry and how it applies to the mass media. Such conclusions are supported by the reality of the mass media that, despite a concentration of ownership, is run by a diverse range of individuals from different social backgrounds, through joint stock companies. However, this tends to ignore the fact that the largest proportion of shares in any public liability company is owned by either wealthy individuals or large institutional shareholders. From a Marxist perspective the ruling class is seen as an agent of ideological control in modern society, used by the ruling class to establish and impose its values on the working class. This is a view taking by Miliband in The State in Capitalist Society (1973). Miliband argues that the mass media is an agent of capitalist control, rejecting the pluralist theory that there is genuine choice.

Judaism :: essays research papers fc

Judaism Judaism is intrinsically open to history. It looks forward to a future event - the messianic redemption - that will dwarf the importance of Exodus. This paper will discuss the important holidays of the Jewish year and a look into the Holocaust from a Jewish standpoint. I talked to a friend of mine, Josh Cohen. Josh practices Conservative Judaism. I also retrieved some information from a book The Jewish Way; Living the Holidays. Rabbi Irving Greenburg wrote it. I will first explain the holidays I discussed with Josh, and then discuss Josh growing up in the Jewish culture. "They particularly exemplify the focus on developing human capacity in the Sabbath and days of awe. The primary, Holy days that nurture personal life along the way. The Sabbat, on a weekly basis, and Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippers, annually, are the key periods of individual family renewal. These holidays accomplish their goals primarily by lifting the individual out of a routine that controls, too often, deadens daily life." The Sabbat is their weekly ceremony, held Friday evenings, to celebrate the end of a work week. Rosh Hashanah - Yom Kipper is the core that of being on trial for ones life. During that trial one moves from life through death to renewed life. Also discussed in this paper is Hanukkah, the festival of lights. Hanukkah stands for the temple that burned to the ground. The Jewish people only had an oil lamp to provide light for six nights and seven days. Therefore that is why they celebrate Hanukkah for six nights and seven days. Passover is also discussed. It is a time where Jewish families are to be fasting, no bread or meat. This last one week. Similar to the Christian Easter celebration. When a Jewish boy turns, age thirteen into an adult Jew they know it as a Bar Mitzvah. In order for this to happen a young teenage boy must attend Hebrew school. They usually take place a couple times a week. There are three types of Judaism worship Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform. Orthodox would be the most religious, Conservatism being middle of the road, and Reform being the least practiced. Josh grew up into the Orthodox beliefs because of his grandparents. Josh's grandparents, his father's mother and father, were Orthodox. His mother's, mother and father were Conservative. Eventually his mother and father switched over to the Conservative beliefs. The Orthodox beliefs would show the in the center and the women on the outside. They viewed women as caretakers. There are three temples in the city of Toledo.

Scene 5 Act 5 Commentary

Macbeth:She should have died hereafter; There would have been a time for such a word. Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow Creeps in the petty pace from day to day To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out brief candle, Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury Signifying nothing. 5. 5 17-28) Act 5, Scene 5 Commentary In act 5, scene 5 of Macbeth, William Shakespeare uses metaphors, diction, mood and tone to emphasize the concept that life is meaningless, in order to suggest the theme of ambition without moral constraints. Upon hearing of his wife’s death, Macbeth reflects on how pointless his own life has become. Shakespeare uses tone to declare Macbeth’s feelings toward life. Throughout this passage, the tone is very bitter and cold. â€Å"It is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing. (5. 5 26-28) After hearing a women’s cry, Macbeth realises his own mortality, and he speaks scornfully. While reflecting on how meaningless his life has become, an angry mood is established. Once realising his life is full of noise and melodrama, he sees that he really failed and his life does not signify anything. He quickly becomes enraged at how his life has turned out. Shakespeare has a very specific diction, and in this particular passage, he chooses to use repetition. â€Å"Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow† (5. 18) BY repeating ‘tomorrow’ over and over, the boredom of life in general is stressed by dragging the word out. He also chooses to use â€Å"petty pace† (5. 5 19) and â€Å"dusty death† (5. 5 22), forming alliterations. The use of similar sounds put emphasis on the fact that the days are just dragging on dreadfully, which only lead to death. All through Macbeth’s solil oquy, Shakespeare incorporates various metaphors, one of which compares life to a bad actor who wanders and worries on stage. â€Å"Life’s but a walking shadow, a oor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage, and then is heard no more. † (5. 5 23 -25) Macbeth believes that life is just an illusion, and once you are done wandering around, you just disappear and leave nothing important behind. He also compares life to a candle. â€Å"Out, out brief candle. † (5. 5 22) The brief candle is one that is dimly lit – that no one wants – and burns out quickly. The candle symbolizes how short and dull life is. By adding â€Å"Out, out† (5. 5 22) Macbeth shows how he wants the candle to burn out.He is contemplating suicide and does not want to live anymore because he is ashamed of his life. This entire passage is centred on the concept that life is insignificant, which exemplifies the theme of ambition without moral constraints. Due to Macb eth’s ambitions, he is in too deep to turn around. It is far too difficult to turn around and stop killing, so his choice is to just keep going. Up until this time, Macbeth had expected to win the battle between him, Malcolm and Macduff. He thought winning this war would finally bring him happiness again.Once Lady Macbeth died he realised that is not the case. His actions went unchecked by any morals, which just led to the destruction of his life. Lady Macbeth killed herself because she could handle the guilt anymore, and now that his wife is gone, he sees the damage and realises that he failed at making his life noteworthy. The theme of ambition without moral constraints is shown through Macbeths realization that life is futile, that is presented by Shakespeare’s use of metaphors, diction, mood and tone.

Biography of Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay

Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts, on July 4, 1804. His parents were Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Elizabeth Clark Manning. His father dies of yellow fever when he was four years old. He then grew up in the manning household with his grandparents, uncles, and aunts. Nathaniel Hawthorne was fond of taking long walks by himself and reading excessively. He studied Shakespeare, Pope, Milton, and Thompson. He went on adventures while he took these long walks and he wrote about his adventures, this is how his writing skills developed. When Nathaniel Hawthorne turned 15 he moved to Maine with his uncle and later attended Bowdoin College in Brunswick. While in college he did poorly in most classes accept his literary classes, in which he excelled. He graduated 3 years later. While in college He became friends with Henry W. Longfellow, Franklin Pierce, and Henry D. Thoreau. After college he returned to Salem, Massachusetts and resided in the manning household. He then withdrew f rom society. H followed the same schedule everyday. He studied in the morning, took long walks in the afternoon, and then wrote in the evening. In 1828 he published his first book anonymously, Fanshawe. He later then destroyed all copies and was not proud of it. His first publication that was a success was â€Å"The Token†, and â€Å"Peter Parley†. In 1830 he served as an editor for a number of publications. He also began to write children’s books. He then took a job in a custom house. In 1840 he left his job knowing that he would soon be fired due to the outcome of the election going on during that time. He married Sophia Amelia Peabody. In 1844 he had his first daughter. He then returned to Salem due to financial pressures. â€Å"Him losing his job turned out to be a blessing as he had the time to write some of his best works†. Such as The Scarlet Letter, The House of Seven Gables, and The Birthdale Romance. In 1860, he published The Marble Faun, our old home, and later went on a tour with Franklin Pierce because Pierce was running for president. Nathaniel Hawthorne lived in an important time period. In 1820-1830, Nathaniel Hawthorne was about 16-26 years old. During that time the Erie canal made new York the empire state, also during that time period Andrew Jackson’s inaugural party wrecked the white house. In 1830-1840 when Nathaniel Hawthorne was about 26-36 years old. During that time Andrew Jackson beat up the man who tried to kill him, also during that time Charles Darwin visits the Galapagos Island, and the idea of natural selection and survival of the  fittest is introduced to the world. During 1840-1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne was 36-46 years old. The gold fever struck California and people were greedy and ambitious. Also during that time in 1852 Franklin pierce was elected president. Nathaniel Hawthorne helped Pierce with the campaigns for the election. During 1850-1870 Nathaniel Hawthorne was 46 and he died and in 1864 he died. During that time compromises over slavery delayed the civil war, and then later the United States was torn over the civil war. Nathaniel Hawthorne accomplished a multitude of things during his lifetime and at a young age as well, but in his early years when he was four his father died. Nathaniel Hawthorne was the only boy but had two other sisters. His early years were spent in Salem, Massachusetts. When he graduated from Bowdoin college he went on summer tours through the northeast. He in 1839 he took a job in a custom house in Boston, and served as an editor for a number of publications. He also started out his writing career, writing children’s books. However in 1840, he resigned knowing he would be fired. In 1842 he married Sophia Amelia Peabody, and in 1844 his first daughter was born. A few years later, financial pressures forced him to return to Salem with his family. He then became a surveyor of the port of Salem. In the early 1850’s he lived in red house in Lennox and made a friendship with Novelist, Herman Melville. In 1853-1858 Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote a campaign biography for Franklin Pierce, he was later rewarded with united states consulship at Liverpool. Since the civil war was going on during that time he wrote articled about the civil war and his last years he joined an experimental brook farm community filled with transcendentalist. He then went to Europe and spent seven years there before he died of a brain tumor in his sleep. Nathaniel Hawthorne is a unique writer and had a unique writing style heoften wrote about the daily life and community and puritan destruction. Although he was a puritan he was not the typical puritan writer and wrote from a different perspective about the puritan life. His most The novel The Scarlet Letter is perhaps one of the most widely-read and most representative of many of the themes in the works of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Aside from the fact that it is set during the Puritan period in American history, it deals with many subjects other works, most notably his famous short story The Minister’s Black Veil, approach—the theme of sin, especially secret sin. Hawthorne was fascinated with the idea of sin and punishment and  this theme is expressed overtly in The Scarlet Letter by the wearing of the embroidered letter itself and covertly through many of the minor characters such as Roger Chillingworth are literally eaten away by sin. Like Esther’s lover the preacher in The Scarlet Letter who is troubled by secret sin, so too is the minister in the short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Minister’s Black Veil. Aside from using the allegory form to tell moral tales, it is important to note that the works of Nathaniel Hawthorne are not at all simple mortality tales with a religious purpose. Hawthorne was writing during the Romanticism movement and he also seeks to explore themes of nature and humankind as well as to push the limits of human imagination and creativity. One mark of this style is the use of the supernatural, which certainly occurs in nearly every tale by Nathaniel Hawthorne, although to different extents. Novels such as, The House of the Seven Gables. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s contribution to American literature can be taken literally or simply his introduction of a new writing style and a different view on puritan ways. In 1824 he published Fanshawe anonymously, and leter that year he published â€Å"the token† and peter parley. In 1832 he published young goodman brown† Roger malvin’s burial† and â€Å"My Kinsman major malineux†Ã¢â‚¬ a women’s tale â€Å" The hollow of the three hills†. In 1835 he published â€Å"anthencieum†. In 1837 he published, â€Å"twice told tales† American Magazine of useful and entertaining knowledge. In 1841 he published â€Å"grandfathers chains†* and the next year he published†democratic review† and his most famous work was published in 1845

Skills Development Report Essay Example

Skills Development Report Essay Example Skills Development Report Essay Skills Development Report Essay According to Scott (2005), self-awareness is at the center of professional learning and development.   In order to boost his career potential, each worker must understand himself, being aware of the kind of work he enjoys, and recognizing his strengths, weaknesses and skills, as well the effect that he has on others.   Self-awareness allows people to easily manage their own behavior apart from their colleagues while fulfilling the goals of the organization.   As a matter of fact, self-awareness lies at the very core of successful leadership. So as to help the reader develop self-awareness, Scott recommends the Myers Briggs personality type indicator (MBTI) in addition to the 16PF – two of the many psychometric tools employed in the assessment of one’s interests, talents, and skills.   Such psychometric tests are known to help in self-reflection.   Feedback from a skilled practitioner who administers these tests is sure to help the individual gain more insights about his behavior.   In order to gather additional knowledge about their managerial styles, managers may even consider requesting â€Å"multi-sourced feedback† if not a â€Å"full-blown 360-degree appraisal (Scott).† 1.2 Discussion Scott’s article stresses the importance of self-awareness.   Managers who are deeply cognizant of their managerial styles are easily able to improve upon them.   However, self-awareness is also essential for their subordinates.   People who are not aware of their talents, skills, strengths and weaknesses may waste a great deal of time on jobs that they are not suited for.   If they truly understood their own capabilities they would not only increase their productivity but also their earning potentials. Fortunately, psychometric tests such as the MBTI and 16PF are available to the modern-day workforce.   Perhaps every organization should make it mandatory for its employees to take these tests.   In this way, the organizations would also be saved from wasting their time and resources on training people for jobs that they are not suited for.   Moreover, self-aware employees would be able to manage themselves and their colleagues better.   In short, they would act more responsibly toward their organizations. 1.3 Summary Hardingham (2004) writes that self-awareness is necessary for all workers, except the â€Å"most creative, talented and quirky of individuals, who survive by simply doing what comes naturally.†Ã‚   Yet, Hardingham’s article is especially meant to help developers and trainers in organizations to expand their self-awareness.   According to the author, self-awareness would allow developers and trainers to plan in advance so as to ensure that their weaknesses would not compromise their work.   Besides, it would assist them in watching out for mistakes and doing something about their weaknesses. Hardingham further believes that self-awareness helps people to be conscious of their responses.   Additionally, it leads to self-acceptance.   The author recommends several strategies for achieving this, e.g. psychometric testing and coaching. 1.4 Discussion Hardingham’s article offers a fresh perspective on self-awareness, although some of the author’s ideas are the same as the ones put forward by Scott.   The fact that self-awareness permits people to be conscious of their responses in any given moment was not mentioned by Scott.   Similarly, the idea of self-acceptance as a corollary of self-awareness is new.   This idea is especially important for people who are severely critical of themselves.   Some of these people are perfectionists whose performance may be adversely affected when and if they fail to meet their own expectations.   By knowing who they truly are, such persons may save themselves from a great deal of heartache in addition to losses in productivity. Both Hardingham and Scott describe the importance of feedback in addition to psychometric tests such as the Myers-Briggs personality type indicator for self-awareness.   The reader is, therefore, led to believe that these two methods of increasing self-awareness must be the most essential ones.   At the same time, however, the importance of introspection as one of the principle methods of gaining insights about oneself cannot be discounted.   Hardingham describes introspection as â€Å"a personal exploration of our own history and beliefs.†Ã‚   She also mentions a strategy for increasing self-awareness that Scott’s article fails to consider: coaching.   All the same, this method of expanding self-awareness is not described by the author in depth. 2. Managing under Pressure 2.1 Summary With a focus on health care management, Curtin’s (2005) article describes plenty of situations that could place a â€Å"severe strain† on managers.   These situations may include â€Å"public dissatisfaction with healthcare, hospital closures, disgruntled patients, physicians, administrators and personnel, meeting after meeting devoted to planning and/or reporting on implementation of yet another change, or on budget (keeping within it or explaining why you cant or didnt), or reorganization (Curtin).†Ã‚   The author’s advice for managers that are dealing with pressure is that they must learn to lead themselves under pressure before they can hope to effectively lead others.   The following are three of the most significant tips for managers to bear in mind when facing pressure on the job: (1) They must not hurt themselves and others on the physical, psychological and emotional levels; (2) They must take good care of themselves so that they are in a posi tion to take good care of others; and (3) No matter how difficult the circumstances are, managers must use their experiences as opportunities for growth and learning. 2.2 Discussion The advice offered in Curtin’s article may be used by managers in all industries.   All managers may have to face the kinds of problems that managers in the health care system must deal with from time to time.   Time pressures are commonplace; and dissatisfied and/or disgruntled people are not hard to find among the stakeholders of any organization. It is noteworthy that Curtin’s article also touches on the concept of self-awareness.   When facing pressure in the workplace or in times of crises, managers must be able to manage their own selves before they can effectively manage others.   Self-management includes physical, psychological and emotional levels to the self.   Curtin writes that managers must experience stressful times as opportunities for growth and learning.   In other words, they must reflect on themselves as well as their relationships with the situations at hand when dealing with pressure on the job.   Undoubtedly, managers would be able to increase their self-awareness in the process of managing themselves under pressure.   What is more, with the assumption that pressure is an experience of growth rather than pain, managers would be able to deal with the stressful situations in a positive way.   In fact, their positive attitude toward pressure is sure to rub off on their subordinates. 2.3 Summary Stettner (2004) writes that managing under pressure demands the process of decision-making to be speeded up.   In point of fact, fast decision-making is a skill for managers to learn before they can use it under pressure.   Managers cannot afford to make stupid decisions by acting too quickly.   Rather, they must be able to thoughtfully assess the organizational situations before they can arrive at decisions during stressful times. Instead of worrying about the deadlines, managers under pressure should keep their focus on the goals of the tasks at hand.   Also according to the author, managers under pressure are inclined to talk too much.   Instead of lecturing their teams on the subject of speediness, however, managers should learn to listen.   In any case, it is more important for them to assess rather than debate under pressure. 2.4 Discussion Stettner offers very valuable advice for managing under pressure.   The author is absolutely correct to state that assessment is of the essence, regardless of whether the situation facing the manager is stressful or not.   Anxious managers may spoil the tasks at hand.   Therefore, it is necessary for managers to learn self-control so as to effectively manage under pressure.   The concept of self-awareness may be quite useful for managers who are trying to learn self-control for this reason.   By knowing that he easily becomes anxious through a tense situation at work, a manager would be able to control his emotional state.   He would also learn to talk less and listen more in such situations.   This advice proffered by the author may, in fact, reduce the manager’s anxiety.   When the manager is relaxed and in control, his subordinates would also feel relaxed enough to perform their tasks efficiently.   After all, it is not impossible for people to meet deadli nes in a state of relaxation.   What is more, anxiety is known to have an unfavorable effect on any job at hand. 3. Motivating Others 3.1 Summary Welch and Welch (2007) describe money, â€Å"interesting work,† and â€Å"enjoyable co-workers† as â€Å"no-brainers† as far as employee motivation is concerned.   Managers need to learn about a new perspective on employee motivation that the authors put forth.   In this perspective, recognition is a very important motivator.   Whenever an employee or a team does a good job, the company should make a public announcement.   Awards should also be handed out, and the managers should mention the productive effort of the employee or team whenever there is an opportunity.   In point of fact, the success of employees and/or teams must be celebrated by their companies. Another way of motivating employees is for companies to ensure that their missions are spelled out.   In fact, the mission of every task must be explained to the employees in simple terms.   Finally, the authors advise companies to motivate their employees by making them feel that although they have reached the top, they are still climbing the mountain of success.   The authors explain this as a balance between â€Å"achievement and challenge (Welch and Welch).† 3.2 Discussion It is a well-known fact that employees are motivated by money, jobs that they enjoy, and co-workers who make their organization a fun place to work.   Welch and Welch offer entirely new ideas about employee motivation – all of which are expected to work wonders for the organization.   Furthermore, it does not cost the organization anything to implement most of the ideas.   Recognition, for example, only requires the organization to make its employees’ success a fact to be known by everyone in the workplace.   Similarly, by clarifying the mission of the organization and its tasks to the employees, the organization is expected to cut its costs rather than to incur costs.   There would be less wastage of time and resources if the mission of the organization and its tasks is made obvious to the workers.   Lastly, the organization would not incur costs by helping the employees to feel that although they have achieved great success they may continue to climb the s uccess ladder. Celebrating the success of all employees may be costly.   All the same, it is considered essential by many organizations to celebrate the major successes of their employees.   As a matter of fact, celebration is expected to be such an effective motivator that the employees who are not successful enough for their efforts to be celebrated may also be motivated by the hope that their efforts would be similarly celebrated if they work harder and better. 3.3 Summary Dalton (2007) writes that there may be seven kinds of people in an organization at any time: â€Å"Commanders, who need control; Drifters, who need flexibility; Attackers who need respect; Pleasers who need to be liked; Performers, who need recognition; Avoiders who need security; and Analyticals, who need certainty.†Ã‚   Accordingly, the author offers tips to motivate the seven kinds of people, even though the basic descriptions of the seven types of workers are enough as a framework for a theory of motivation. 3.4 Discussion Dalton’s need theory of motivation is altogether different from Abraham Maslow’s famous theory, despite the fact that it is based on the same concept, that is, employees have needs, the fulfillment of which is enough to motivate them.   Thus, the commanders among the employees must have their work linked to results in order to feel that they are in control.   If these people lack a sense of being in charge, they would be unmotivated.   Likewise, the drifters in the workplace should be given free rein to express their creativity, without which they may be unmotivated to work efficiently.   The attackers, the pleasers, the performers, the avoiders and the analytical also possess specific needs that must be fulfilled in order for them to feel motivated for efficient work practices.   What is more, if the ideas of Welch and Welch are incorporated, it would be icing on the cake. 4. Managing Conflict 4.1 Summary Fralix (2007) writes that there are two main kinds of conflict: covert conflict and overt conflict.   Covert conflict is also of two types: avoiding conflict and ignoring conflict.   According to the author, conflicts are unhealthy for the organization.   Therefore, employers should use the conflict management tactics that she puts forward: (1) Using personality assessment tools to understand the communication styles of potential employees, so as to prevent and avoid conflict in the workplace; (2) Establishing an organizational culture that welcomes diversity, seeing that conflict is often a result of diversity; (3) Clearly explaining the roles and responsibilities of each individual; (4) Openly discussing conflict, etc. 4.2 Discussion Needless to say, all kinds of conflicts mentioned by the author may be destructive or constructive for the organization.   Falix fails to mention the constructive type of conflict in her article.   This kind of conflict may lead to new ideas and much-needed changes in the organization. It is interesting to note that personality assessment tools may also play an important role in preventing destructive conflicts in the workplace.   As mentioned previously, these tools may be very helpful for the employees in enhancing self-awareness.   Although the organization is expected to use its employees’ results on personality tests to understand their communication styles before the occurrence of a destructive conflict, the results must be shared with the employees so as to allow them to increase self-awareness, which in turn would increase their sense of responsibility in the workplace. 4.3 Summary Springer’s article, â€Å"Managing conflict to build consensus† describes the constructive side of conflict.   According to the author, â€Å"Fostering conflict to enhance decision quality while simultaneously building consensus requires the stimulation of debate, keeping conflict constructive, insuring that the process is fair and legitimate and being able to reach closure (Springer).†Ã‚   Thus, the article offers ideas on nurturing conflict instead of preventing it, e.g. by way of role playing.   Springer also describes the decision-making process that is perceived as fair, in addition to ideas to prevent a misalignment of the entire process of using conflict to help the organization. 4.4 Discussion Contrary to Falix’s article, â€Å"How to prevent and resolve conflicts in the workplace,† Springer’s writing defines conflicts as desirable.   As stated previously, constructive conflicts may help the organization by allowing it to gather new ideas for change.   Moreover, once the conflict is resolved the employees of the organization would be able to agree on the final decision made by the managers, provided that their organization is in the habit of nurturing conflicts for positive change.   The author insists that the decisions should be perceived as fair, however.   In order to achieve a sense of fairness in its decision-making, the organization must seek to avoid all negativity during the conflict.